Aviva Stadium with Rule of Space.

Rule of Space: Mastering Amazing Directional Compositions in Photography

Introduction: The Dynamics of the Rule of Space

The Rule of Space in photography is a powerful compositional technique that involves using space in the direction that a subject is facing or moving. This approach adds a sense of motion and narrative to your images, creating a more engaging and dynamic composition.

Understanding the Rule of Space

The Rule of Space is about anticipating movement and direction in a still image. It involves leaving empty space in the frame in the direction a subject is looking or moving towards, which can be a person, an animal, a vehicle, or even a gaze.

Aviva Stadium with Rule of Space.

O Carroll, B. (2016). 28 Composition Techniques That Will Improve Your Photos.

Creative Process: Implementing the Rule of Space

  • Identifying Directional Cues: Observe your subject and determine the direction of movement or the point of focus. This could be the direction a person is looking, walking, or an object is moving.
  • Framing with Purpose: Frame your shot to include space in front of your subject. This space should be proportional to the intensity of the movement or gaze.
  • Balancing the Composition: While including space, ensure that the overall composition is balanced and the subject is not lost in the frame.

Tips for Photographers

  1. Understand Subject Dynamics: Study your subject’s behavior or movement patterns to better anticipate where to leave space.
  2. Use Leading Lines: Combine the Rule of Space with leading lines to enhance the sense of direction and movement.
  3. Experiment with Negative Space: Use negative space effectively to emphasize the direction in which the subject is heading or looking.
  4. Adjusting Position: Sometimes, repositioning yourself can change the dynamic of the space and create a more compelling composition.

Advanced Techniques in Using the Rule of Space

  • Motion Blur: Experiment with motion blur to emphasize the movement, making the directional space more impactful.
  • Juxtaposition: Place another subject in the negative space to create a juxtaposition that adds depth to the narrative.
  • Layering Elements: Incorporate multiple layers in your composition to add depth, using the Rule of Space to guide the viewer through these layers.

Practical Applications in Various Genres

  • Sports and Wildlife Photography: Capture athletes or animals in motion, leaving space in their movement direction.
  • Street Photography: Document people in urban settings, considering the direction of their movement or gaze.
  • Landscape Photography: Use natural elements like rivers or paths to guide the eye, applying the Rule of Space to lead towards a focal point.

Conclusion: Expanding the Visual Narrative

The Rule of Space is more than a compositional guideline; it’s a storytelling tool that adds life and movement to your images. It encourages viewers to engage with the photo, imagining what lies beyond the frame.

References

O Carroll, B. (2016). 28 Composition Techniques That Will Improve Your Photos. [online] PetaPixel. Available at:

https://petapixel.com/photography-composition-techniques/

[Accessed 13 December]

Emotional color combinations in Stratford.

Color Photograph Combinations: The Important Role of Color Theory

Introduction: The Power of Colors in Photography

Colors have a profound impact on the aesthetic and emotional appeal of photographs. Understanding color theory and how different colors interact can significantly enhance the visual storytelling of your images. This guide delves into the use of color combinations in photography, providing insights into creating harmony and contrast to evoke specific moods and themes.

Understanding Color Theory

Color theory is a set of principles used to create harmonious color combinations. In photography, this involves understanding the color wheel, complementary colors, analogous colors, and the psychological impact of different hues and shades.

Color theory in Central London architecture.

Creative Process: Crafting Colorful Compositions

  • Studying the Color Wheel: Familiarize yourself with the color wheel, identifying complementary (opposite colors) and analogous (adjacent colors) schemes.
  • Observing Your Environment: Look for natural and artificial color combinations around you. Notice how different colors interact and the emotions they evoke.
  • Experimenting with Colors: Play with various color combinations in your compositions. Experiment with dominant and accent colors to create balance.

Tips for Photographers

  1. Use Complementary Colors: Complementing colors, being opposites on the color wheel, create high contrast and vibrancy when used together.
  2. Explore Analogous Colors: Analogous colors, which sit next to each other on the color wheel, offer a more harmonious and cohesive look.
  3. Consider Color Temperature: Warm colors (reds, oranges) evoke different feelings compared to cool colors (blues, greens). Use them to set the mood of your image.
  4. Mind the Color Balance: Pay attention to how much of each color is present in the frame. Too much of a dominant color can overwhelm the viewer.

Advanced Techniques in Color Theory

  • Color Isolation: Isolate a single color against a more neutral background for a striking effect.
  • Monochromatic Themes: Experiment with monochromatic color schemes, using various shades of a single color to create depth and interest.
  • Post-Processing for Color Enhancement: Utilize post-processing tools to adjust saturation, luminance, and hue to fine-tune your color compositions.

Practical Applications in Various Genres

  • Landscape Photography: Use color theory to enhance natural scenes, balancing sky blues with earthy tones, or capturing the vibrant colors of a sunset.
  • Portrait Photography: Consider the colors in your background and clothing to complement or contrast with your subject’s features.
  • Street Photography: Capture the colorful dynamics of urban life, using colors to highlight focal points and lead the viewer’s eye.

Conclusion: Painting with Light and Colors

Color theory in photography is akin to painting with light and colors. It’s about creating a visual harmony that resonates with viewers, evoking emotions and telling stories through hues and shades.

Shoot from Above: Mastering the Amazing Bird’s Eye View

Introduction: Exploring the Heights of Photography

Shooting from above, or capturing a bird’s eye view, offers a dramatically different perspective that can turn ordinary scenes into extraordinary images. This approach provides a unique vantage point, revealing patterns, textures, and relationships that are not visible from the ground.

The Appeal of Bird’s Eye View Photography

A bird’s eye view can simplify chaotic scenes, provide new insights into familiar subjects, and showcase the beauty of patterns and symmetry from an elevated perspective. It’s a powerful way to tell stories and capture the scale and context of a scene.

Creative Process: Achieving Impactful High-Angle Shots

  • Finding the Right Location: Look for locations that offer a broad and unobstructed view from above. High buildings, hills, or even flights can be great starting points.
  • Subject and Composition: Identify your subject and how best to frame it from above. Consider elements like symmetry, patterns, and leading lines that are enhanced by this perspective.
  • Equipment Considerations: If using a drone, ensure it’s equipped with a high-quality camera. For handheld photography, use a zoom lens for greater flexibility.

Tips for Photographers

  1. Safety First: Always prioritize safety, especially when shooting from high places or using drones.
  2. Optimize Weather Conditions: Clear days are ideal for sharp, vivid aerial shots, while overcast conditions can offer softer, more diffused lighting.
  3. Experiment with Heights and Angles: Different heights can dramatically change the composition and impact of your photo. Experiment to find the most compelling angle.
  4. Consider Time of Day: The position of the sun can greatly affect the look and feel of your shot. Early morning and late afternoon often provide the most dramatic lighting.

Advanced Techniques in Bird’s Eye View Photography

  • Panoramic Views: Stitch together multiple shots for a panoramic view of your scene.
  • Motion Blur: Experiment with motion blur to add a dynamic element to your high-angle shots, especially in urban settings.
  • Post-Processing: Enhance details, adjust perspectives, and correct distortions in post-processing to refine your aerial images.

Practical Applications in Various Genres

  • Landscape Photography: Capture the grandeur of natural landscapes, showcasing their vastness and beauty from above.
  • Urban Photography: Offer a new perspective on cityscapes, highlighting the geometry and patterns of urban planning.
  • Event Photography: Use high-angle shots to capture the scale and energy of events and gatherings.

Conclusion: A New Perspective in Photography

Shooting from above opens up a world of creative possibilities, allowing photographers to depict familiar scenes in unfamiliar ways. It challenges photographers to think differently about composition, perspective, and storytelling.

Unique upward view at Goodge Street.

Shoot from Below: Capturing Unique Perspectives in Photography

Introduction: The Power of Low-Angle Photography

Shooting from below is a dynamic approach to photography that involves taking pictures from a lower vantage point, looking up at your subject. This angle can drastically change the viewer’s perception, adding drama, grandeur, or even a sense of awe to your images.

Understanding Low-Angle Shots

Low-angle shots are not just about crouching down; they’re about reimagining the world from a different point of view. This perspective can make ordinary subjects look imposing and give a sense of scale and importance that standard eye-level shots might not achieve.

Unique upward view at Goodge Street.

Creative Process: Mastering the Low-Angle Shot

  • Choosing Your Subject: Look for subjects that benefit from an exaggerated sense of scale or importance. Buildings, trees, and statues are great examples.
  • Positioning and Angle: Experiment with various positions, aiming to shoot upwards at an angle that captures the essence of the subject.
  • Incorporating the Sky: Use the sky as a background to isolate your subject and add a sense of space and openness.

Tips for Photographers

  1. Lens Choice: Wide-angle lenses are ideal for low-angle shooting as they can capture more of the scene and exaggerate perspective.
  2. Focus on Foreground Elements: Incorporate interesting foreground elements to add depth to your low-angle photographs.
  3. Mind the Background: Be aware of what’s in your background. A clear sky can make a great backdrop, while a cluttered background can distract from your subject.
  4. Stability Is Key: Use a tripod or stabilize your camera against a solid surface to avoid camera shake, especially in low light conditions.

Advanced Techniques in Low-Angle Photography

  • Reflections: Look for puddles, glass, or other reflective surfaces to add an extra dimension to your low-angle shots.
  • Silhouettes: Shooting against the light can create striking silhouettes that add drama to your low-angle images.
  • Architectural Dynamics: Use low angles to capture the lines and curves of buildings, creating dynamic architectural shots.

Practical Applications in Various Genres

  • Architectural Photography: Emphasize the height and grandeur of buildings.
  • Nature and Wildlife: Capture the scale and majesty of natural landscapes or the imposing presence of wildlife.
  • Street Photography: Add an element of intrigue to everyday scenes, capturing them from a unique, upward perspective.

Conclusion: Elevating Your Photographic Perspective

Shooting from below allows photographers to explore a world of unique perspectives and compelling compositions. It challenges the norms of photography and encourages a fresh, creative approach to capturing images.

Isolate the Subject: Clarity in Focus in Photography

Introduction: The Art of Isolating Your Subject

Isolating the subject is a powerful photographic technique that involves focusing on a single element within the frame to draw the viewer’s attention. This method is effective in creating striking images that convey a clear message or emotion, emphasizing the subject with minimal distractions.

Understanding Subject Isolation

Subject isolation is about making your main subject the unmistakable focal point of your photograph. This can be achieved through various means, such as using depth of field, contrast, lighting, or compositional techniques. It’s a way to ‘declutter’ the image and make your subject stand out.

Creative Process: Achieving Clarity in Focus

  • Identifying Your Subject: Clearly define what the main subject of your image is. It could be a person, an object, a landscape feature, etc.
  • Choosing the Right Background: Look for backgrounds that are unobtrusive and don’t compete with your subject for attention. Simple or blurred backgrounds often work best.
  • Utilizing Lighting: Use lighting to illuminate your subject. Side lighting or backlighting can be particularly effective in separating the subject from the background.

Tips for Photographers

  1. Depth of Field Mastery: Use a wide aperture to create a shallow depth of field, blurring the background and foreground to isolate the subject.
  2. Framing Techniques: Frame your subject using natural or architectural elements to draw the viewer’s eye directly to the subject.
  3. Color and Contrast: Utilize color contrasts to make your subject stand out. A brightly colored subject against a muted background can be very effective.
  4. Selective Focus: Use manual focus or selective autofocus points to ensure your subject is the sharpest element in your image.

Advanced Techniques in Subject Isolation

  • Bokeh Effect: Master the art of bokeh – a Japanese term for the aesthetic quality of the blur produced in the out-of-focus parts of an image.
  • Post-Processing: Enhance subject isolation in post-processing by adjusting brightness, contrast, or sharpness around the subject.
  • Use of Negative Space: Incorporate negative space effectively to emphasize isolation and bring focus to your subject.

Practical Applications in Various Genres

  • Portrait Photography: Isolate the subject to capture the essence of their personality and emotions.
  • Wildlife Photography: Use subject isolation to focus on a single animal, highlighting its features or behaviors.
  • Street Photography: Isolate individuals or specific interactions to tell a story or capture a moment in time.

Conclusion: Mastering the Focal Point

Isolating the subject is a skill that elevates the impact of your photography, allowing viewers to connect more deeply with the focal point of your image. It requires a combination of technical knowledge and creative vision to execute effectively.

Monochrome tones in Casablanca architecture.

Use Black and White: Simplifying Amazing Composition in Photography

Introduction: The Timeless Elegance of Black and White

Black and white photography is more than just an absence of color; it’s a different perspective on the world. This guide explores how black and white can simplify compositions, direct focus to the subject, and create a strong emotional impact.

Understanding Black and White Composition

Black and white photography strips away the distraction of color, allowing viewers to focus on other aspects of the photo, such as texture, shape, light, and shadow. It brings out the raw essence of the scene or subject, emphasizing contrasts and subtleties.

Color and black & white comparison in Casablanca.

Creative Process: Crafting Black and White Images

  • Visualizing in Monochrome: Train your eye to see the world in gradients of gray. Look for scenes with strong contrasts or interesting textures that would translate well into black and white.
  • Focus on Lighting: Lighting plays a crucial role in black and white photography. High contrast lighting can create dramatic images, while soft, even lighting can convey subtlety and nuance.
  • Composition and Framing: Pay attention to the composition, using elements like lines, shapes, and textures to guide the viewer’s eye.

Tips for Photographers

  1. Shoot in Color: Capture your images in color and convert them to black and white during post-processing for greater control over tones and contrasts.
  2. Play with Contrast: Experiment with different levels of contrast to create depth and drama in your images.
  3. Use Filters: When shooting, use red or yellow filters to enhance contrasts in the sky and landscapes.
  4. Mind the Grays: Pay attention to the gray tones in your image. They should vary to create a dynamic range in your photo.

Advanced Techniques in Black and White Photography

  • High-Key and Low-Key Photography: Explore high-key (predominantly light tones) and low-key (predominantly dark tones) photography for artistic effects.
  • Texture Emphasis: Use black and white to emphasize textures, bringing out details that might go unnoticed in color.
  • Silhouettes and Shadows: Create striking silhouettes and shadow play, which are particularly compelling in black and white.

Practical Applications in Various Genres

  • Portrait Photography: Capture the expressions and emotions of subjects, focusing on the play of light and shadow on their features.
  • Landscape Photography: Convey the drama of landscapes, from the starkness of barren fields to the intricacy of urban architecture.
  • Street Photography: Document the rawness and authenticity of everyday life, highlighting the stark realities of urban environments.

Conclusion: The Power of Monochrome

Black and white photography is a powerful tool for simplifying compositions and conveying stories in a more focused and emotionally charged manner. It challenges photographers to look beyond color and explore the fundamental aspects of light, shadow, and form.

Simplicity and Minimalism in Photography: Less Is More

Introduction: The Beauty of Minimalism

Minimalism in photography is an art form that focuses on simplicity and the deliberate use of space to convey a message or emotion. This guide explores how embracing minimalism can lead to powerful, thought-provoking images that resonate with viewers through their uncluttered and impactful compositions.

Understanding Simplicity and Minimalism

At its heart, minimalism is about stripping away the non-essential elements to highlight the beauty and uniqueness of the subject. It’s about finding strength in subtlety and conveying a narrative through the simplest of compositions.

Creative Process: Crafting Minimalist Photographs

  • Subject Selection: Choose subjects that stand out in their simplicity. Look for strong shapes, bold colors, or interesting textures.
  • Composition: Emphasize your subject by composing with plenty of negative space. Be intentional about what you include in the frame.
  • Lighting: Use lighting to enhance the mood. Minimalist photos often benefit from soft, natural light or dramatic contrasts.

Tips for Photographers

  1. Keep It Simple: Focus on one subject and remove any distracting elements from your frame.
  2. Pay Attention to Backgrounds: Choose backgrounds that are clean and unobtrusive to keep the focus on your subject.
  3. Experiment with Colors and Shapes: Use bold colors and simple shapes to create visually striking images.
  4. Practice Patience: Minimalist photography often requires patience to find the perfect subject or waiting for the right lighting conditions.

Advanced Techniques in Minimalist Photography

  • Abstract Minimalism: Create abstract compositions that focus on shapes, colors, and textures rather than specific subjects.
  • Monochromatic Themes: Experiment with monochromatic color schemes to enhance simplicity and focus.
  • Reflections and Shadows: Use reflections and shadows creatively to add depth and interest to minimalist compositions.

Practical Applications in Various Genres

  • Portrait Photography: Capture close-ups with simple backdrops or use the subject’s features as the main focal point.
  • Landscape Photography: Find simplicity in vast, open spaces or focus on a single natural element.
  • Architectural Photography: Look for clean lines, geometric shapes, and contrasting textures in buildings and structures.

Conclusion: Embracing the Minimalist Approach

Minimalism in photography is about more than just taking pictures with few elements. It’s a mindset that values the beauty of simplicity and the power of understatement. By adopting a minimalist approach, photographers can create images that are both visually appealing and emotionally resonant.

O Carroll, B. (2016). 28 Composition Techniques That Will Improve Your Photos.

References

O Carroll, B. (2016). 28 Composition Techniques That Will Improve Your Photos. [online] PetaPixel. Available at:

https://petapixel.com/photography-composition-techniques/

[Accessed 13 December]

Leave Negative Space: The Art of Amazing Minimalism in Photography

Introduction: Embracing Simplicity through Negative Space

Negative space in photography refers to the areas around and between the subjects of an image – a concept that is central to minimalist photography. This guide will explore how negative space can be used to create powerful, visually appealing images that convey more with less.

Understanding Negative Space

Negative space, often just an open expanse of sky, water, an empty field, or a simple backdrop, provides breathing room for your subject. It shifts the focus to the essential elements of your composition, eliminating distractions and emphasizing the main subject.

Creative Process: Utilizing Negative Space

  • Scene Selection: Identify scenes where the background can be simplified, leaving more open space around your subject.
  • Composition and Placement: Place your subject in such a way that the negative space occupies a significant portion of the frame, creating a balanced yet minimalistic look.
  • Emphasizing Emotion: Use negative space to evoke emotion or a sense of solitude, peace, or even tension in your images.

Tips for Photographers

  1. Balanced Composition: Ensure that your use of negative space doesn’t unbalance the composition. The placement of your subject should feel intentional and harmonious.
  2. Color and Contrast: Utilize contrasting colors between the subject and the negative space for a striking effect.
  3. Simplicity Is Key: Keep the scene simple. The more clutter-free the negative space, the more impactful your subject will be.
  4. Experiment with Angles and Perspectives: Different angles can change the amount and perception of negative space, adding a unique feel to your images.

Advanced Techniques in Using Negative Space

  • Abstract Interpretation: Use negative space to create abstract compositions where the space itself becomes the subject.
  • Silhouettes and Shadows: Experiment with silhouettes and shadows against a large expanse of negative space for a dramatic effect.
  • Layering and Depth: Incorporate layers in your composition, using negative space to separate these layers and add depth.

Practical Applications in Various Genres

  • Landscape Photography: Use expansive skies or open fields as negative space to highlight natural features.
  • Portrait Photography: Apply negative space to focus attention on the subject, creating a sense of intimacy or solitude.
  • Urban Photography: Capture the architectural elements with the sky or empty spaces as negative space to emphasize form and structure.

Conclusion: The Power of Less in Photography

Negative space in photography is a powerful tool that, when used skillfully, adds a sophisticated and thoughtful dimension to your work. It’s about finding beauty in simplicity and conveying stories with minimal elements.

O Carroll, B. (2016). 28 Composition Techniques That Will Improve Your Photos.

References

O Carroll, B. (2016). 28 Composition Techniques That Will Improve Your Photos. [online] PetaPixel. Available at:

https://petapixel.com/photography-composition-techniques/

[Accessed 13 December]

Fill the Frame: Focusing on Amazing Photographic Details

Introduction: Embracing Detail with ‘Fill the Frame’

‘Filling the frame’ is a powerful photographic technique that involves using your camera frame to enclose a significant portion or all of a subject. This method is excellent for highlighting details, textures, and patterns, allowing the viewer to focus solely on the subject without distractions from the background or surrounding environment.

The Impact of Filling the Frame

This technique is particularly effective in drawing the viewer’s attention to specific details, creating a more intimate and immersive experience. It’s about isolating the subject, making it the undisputed focal point of your composition.

Creative Process: Mastering ‘Fill the Frame’

  • Choosing Your Subject: Look for subjects that have interesting details, textures, or patterns. These could range from the intricate lines on a leaf to the architectural details of a building.
  • Getting Close: Move closer to your subject or use a zoom lens to fill the frame with your subject. The goal is to eliminate as much of the background as possible.
  • Composition Considerations: Pay attention to the composition within your frame. The placement of your subject and how it interacts with the edges of your frame is crucial.

Tips for Photographers

  1. Use Macro Lenses for Close-Ups: Macro lenses are perfect for extreme close-up shots, allowing you to capture intricate details.
  2. Experiment with Aperture: Play with different aperture settings. A wide aperture can blur the background, while a narrow aperture can keep everything in focus.
  3. Mind the Edges: Be cautious of the edges of your frame. Clipping part of your subject can be a powerful tool but use it thoughtfully.
  4. Simplify: Avoid clutter in your frame. The more simplified and focused the composition, the more powerful the image.

Advanced Techniques in ‘Fill the Frame’

  • Selective Focusing: Use selective focus to emphasize a particular part of the subject while gently blurring the rest.
  • Creative Cropping: Don’t be afraid to crop your images in post-processing to achieve the desired ‘fill the frame’ effect.
  • Playing with Light: Use light and shadows creatively to add depth and dimension to your subject.

Practical Applications in Various Genres

  • Portrait Photography: Use ‘fill the frame’ to capture facial expressions or details like the eyes or lips.
  • Nature and Wildlife Photography: Fill the frame with a single animal or plant, highlighting its textures and features.
  • Urban and Street Photography: Capture the essence of street life or architectural details by filling the frame with your urban subject.

Conclusion: The Art of Detail in Photography

Filling the frame is more than just a technique; it’s an artistic approach to drawing the viewer’s eye into the heart of the subject. It’s about celebrating details, textures, and the essence of the subject itself.

Rule of Odds: Enhancing Aesthetic Appeal in Photography

Introduction: Understanding the Rule of Odds

The Rule of Odds is a fascinating compositional concept in photography that suggests images are more visually appealing when they contain an odd number of elements. This principle is based on the idea that odd-numbered groupings are more natural and less forced than even-numbered groupings, creating a sense of balance and harmony in a photograph.

The Essence of the Rule of Odds

This rule is grounded in the psychological perception that odd numbers, especially the number three, are more interesting and pleasing to the human eye. They create a sense of natural balance and make the composition more dynamic. When applied correctly, the Rule of Odds can transform a simple photograph into a captivating visual story.

Creative Process: Implementing the Rule of Odds

  • Identifying Opportunities: Look for scenes where you can naturally apply the Rule of Odds. This could be three birds on a branch, five stones in a riverbed, or a single person framed by two trees.
  • Composition and Framing: When composing your shot, place the odd elements in a way that is aesthetically pleasing and balanced. Consider using the Rule of Thirds in conjunction with the Rule of Odds for a more compelling composition.
  • Creating Focus: Use the odd elements to guide the viewer’s eye. The odd-numbered elements should lead to the main subject or create a pathway through the image.

Tips for Photographers

  1. Create Odd Groupings: If you can’t find a natural odd grouping, try creating one. This can be done by adjusting your position or perspective.
  2. Balance and Symmetry: Use the Rule of Odds to break symmetry in a way that is visually interesting and creates a focal point.
  3. Depth of Field: Utilize depth of field to emphasize the odd elements in your composition, making them stand out against a blurred background.
  4. Simplicity is Key: Keep the composition simple. Too many elements, even if odd-numbered, can overwhelm the viewer.

Advanced Techniques in Using the Rule of Odds

  • Foreground and Background: Incorporate odd elements both in the foreground and background to add depth to your composition.
  • Color and Light: Use color and light contrasts to highlight the odd elements, making them more pronounced.
  • Juxtaposition: Position the odd elements against a contrasting background to enhance their impact.

Practical Applications in Various Genres

  • Portrait Photography: Arrange group portraits with an odd number of people to create a more dynamic composition.
  • Landscape Photography: Find or create odd-numbered elements in a landscape, such as rocks, trees, or hills.
  • Street Photography: Capture candid moments where individuals or objects form an odd grouping, adding interest to everyday scenes.

Conclusion: Mastering the Art of Odd Numbers

The Rule of Odds is a simple yet powerful tool that can significantly enhance the visual appeal of your photographs. By understanding and applying this rule, photographers can create images that are not only aesthetically pleasing but also intriguing and balanced.

O Carroll, B. (2016). 28 Composition Techniques That Will Improve Your Photos.

References

O Carroll, B. (2016). 28 Composition Techniques That Will Improve Your Photos. [online] PetaPixel. Available at:

https://petapixel.com/photography-composition-techniques/

[Accessed 13 December]